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6 Cesarone, M. R. et al. 2006. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology. 57(5):569-76.
7 Belcaro, G. et al. 2006. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with Pycnogenol®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 12:318–323.
8 Luzzi, R. et al. 2014. Improvement in symptoms and cochlear flow with Pycnogenol® in patients with Meniere’s disease and tinnitus. Minerva Med. 104 No.3:245–254.
9 Pütter, M. et al. 1999. Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol®. Thromb Res. 95:155-161.
10 Cesarone, M. R. et al. 2004. Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 11:289-294.
11 Belcaro, G. et al. 2004. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with Pycnogenol®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 10:373-377.
12 Schäfer, A. et al. 2005. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®). Biomed Pharmacother. 60:5–9.
13 Grimm, T. et al. 2006. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®). J Inflamm. 3:1-6.
14 Belcaro, G. et al. 2008. Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol®. Redox Rep 13: 271-276.
15 Cisar, P. et al. 2008. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother Res 22:1087–1092.
16 Belcaro G. et al. 2008. Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol®. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-Arthrosis Study). Evaluation of Signs, Symptoms, Physical Performance and Vascular Aspects. Phytother Res. 22:518-523.
17 Suzuki, N. et al. 2007. Effect of Pycnogenol®, French maritime pine bark extract, on dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Reprod Med.
18 Jr., H. M. et al. 2013. Combining oral contraceptives with a natural nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain. International Journal of Women's Health. 35.
19 Marini, A. et al. 2012. Pycnogenol® effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 25:86-92.
20 Segger, D., Schönlau, F. 2004. Supplementation with Evelle® improves smoothness and elasticity in a double blind, placebocontrolled study with 62 women. J Dermatolog Treat. 15:222–226.
21 Cesarone, M. R. et al. 2006. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology. 57(5):569-76.
22 Schönlau, F., Rohdewald, P. 2002. Pycnogenol® for diabetic retinopathy. A review. Int Ophthalmol. 24:161–171.
23 Belcaro, G. et al. 2006. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with Pycnogenol®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 12:318–323.
24 Vinciguerra, G. et al. 2006. Cramps and muscular pain: prevention with Pycnogenol® in normal subjects, venous patients, athletes, claudicants and in diabetic microangiopathie. Angiology. 57(3):333–339.
25 Schäfer, A., Högger, P. 2007. Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 77:41–46.
26 Zibadi, S. et al. 2008. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplemtation. Nutr Res. 28(5):315-20.
27 Belcaro, G. et al. 2022. Restless legs syndrome: prevention with Pycnogenol® and improvement of the venoarteriolar response. Panminerva Med.64(2):253-258.
28 Sharma, S. C. et al. 2003. Pycnogenol® inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. Phytother Res. 17:66–69.
29 Hosseini, S. et al. 2001. Pycnogenol® in the management of asthma. J Med Food 4:201–209.
30 Trebatická, J. et al. 2006. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 15(6):329-35.
31 Maia, H. et al. 2014. The effect of Pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives. International Journal of Women's Health. 6: 1019–1022.
Referenzen Interaktionen
Stargrove, M. B. et al. Herb, Nutrient and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies, 1. Auflage. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.
Gröber, U. Mikronährstoffe: Metabolic Tuning –Prävention –Therapie, 3. Auflage. Stuttgart: WVG Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, 2011.
Gröber, U. Arzneimittel und Mikronährstoffe: Medikationsorientierte Supplementierung, 3. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart: WVG Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, 2014.
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